Identification and Classification
Date: 12/21/2006 3:08:15 PM
First, the court is required to identify and classify all the parties' property, based upon the evidence presented regarding the nature of the asset or debt. Identification is the assessment of whether husband, wife, or the marital entity has any claim of ownership to any type or item of property. Identification is the preliminary step in which the court determines the full extent of the parties' interests in all property, and this step precedes the classification of such specifically identified property.
Classification is the process by which the court applies the statutory definitions of marital and separate property to the specifically identified items of property in which the parties have some ownership interest. Classification by the court must be supported not only by evidence but also by appropriate findings of fact.
The definition of marital property is found in section 50-20(b)(1) of the North Carolina General Statutes -- all real and personal property acquired by either spouse during the course of the marriage and before the date of separation, and "presently owned," except property determined to be separate property in accordance with the statute. The statutory definition of marital property now contains a presumption that all property acquired after the date of marriage and before separation is marital (except separate property by definition); the presumption is rebuttable by a preponderance of the evidence. This presumption changed prior case law.
"Presently owned," with respect to time, refers to ownership or interest in the property on the date of separation (or even just before such date, if one spouse has unjustifiably seized possession of marital property without accounting for it). "Presently owned," with respect to right, refers to the extent or basis for claiming an interest in the property, notwithstanding the present possession, title holder or claim of interest by others.
The definition of separate property is found in section 50-20(b)(2) of the North Carolina General Statutes -- all real and personal property acquired before marriage, or property acquired during the marriage by bequest, devise, descent or gift. Professional and business licenses which would terminate on transfer are expressly defined to be separate property, as is any increase in value to separate property and income derived from such property. However, the increase in value that remains separate is passive appreciation only, such as by inflation, market forces, third-party effort, or government action. Increases in value attributable to the marital unit, i.e., active appreciation resulting from the personal, financial or managerial contributions of one or both spouses, is marital.
G.S. 50-20(b)(2) has two special provisos, the so-called spousal gift provision and the exchange provision. Property exchanged for separate property remains separate, regardless of how titled, "and shall not be considered to be marital property unless a contrary intention is expressly stated in the conveyance." Property acquired as a gift from one spouse is, on the other hand, separate "only if such an intention is stated in the conveyance." These provisions have been interpreted to mean that where separate property is used in the acquisition of real property that is put into tenancy by the entireties, there is a presumed gift of the separate property to the marital estate, said presumption rebuttable only by clear, cogent and convincing evidence.
Some property is not, properly speaking, either marital or separate. For example, property acquired after separation does not fall within the statutory definitions of either marital or separate property. Post-separation appreciation of marital property is itself neither marital nor separate but, rather, must be treated as a distributional factor.
1. The Concept of Acquisition
When and how property is "acquired" is crucial to classification. The cases have developed the view of acquisition as an ongoing, dynamic process of obtaining equity (net value) in an item of property when or as payment is made. Regardless of when title to an item of property is taken, the property is acquired as it is being paid for. The marital unit shares, at equitable distribution, in increases in the value of separate property that the marital unit has proportionately acquired in its own right. The increase attributable to the marital unit is traced using the "source of funds" methodology that has now been exhaustively described in the case law.
2. Dual Classification
Some property is of dual character, being part marital and part separate. Numerous cases have addressed these distinctions and should be consulted for specific details beyond the scope of this website. Briefly stated, dual classification occurs in a number of situations, e.g., where earnings and a non-owning spouse's efforts during the marriage are applied to separate property; where separate property is improved through addition or accession to it of other property acquired during the marriage; where the efforts of a spouse in actively managing separate property during the marriage augment the value of the property such that the resulting increase should equitably be viewed as marital property.